Abstract

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) represent a promising third-generation photovoltaic cell. Due to their low cost, ease of fabrication, and flexible and transparent applications, DSSCs have been researched extensively. In this review, the development of materials used in DSSCs is examined. Recent innovations in photoanodes, sensitizers, electrolytes, and counter electrodes show that the properties of materials influence the power conversion efficiency (PCE), stability, and scalability of DSSCs. Various material combinations and their effects on the performance of DSSCs are compared, highlighting the research focus on solid-state and organic materials. Device architecture and nanotechnology contribute to the optimization of the DSSC’s performance. It is necessary to enhance commercial viability so that DSSCs can be more widely used in building-integrated photovoltaics, wearable electronics, and energy-autonomous systems.